ELEMENTARY SCIENCE FACTS & REVIEWERS

  TYPES OF ECOLOGICAL INTERACTONS Ecological interactions  refer to the ways in which different species interact with each other within an ecosystem. These interactions can be positive, negative, or neutral, and they play a crucial role in shaping the structure and dynamics of ecosystems. Understanding ecological interactions is essential for understanding the functioning of ecosystems and the impacts of environmental change on biodiversity. Types of Ecological Interactions: Commensalism Predation Parasitism Mutualism Competition Amensalism Neutralism Communalism Facilitation Symbiosis Mutualism : In mutualism, both species benefit from the interaction. For example, certain plants have evolved to provide food and shelter to ants in exchange for protection from herbivores. Competition : Competition occurs when two or more species rely on the same limited resource. This can lead to a struggle for survival, with the stronger or more efficient species gaining access to the resourc...

  NOTES ON VERTABRAE AND NON-VERTEBRAE   General facts about vertebrates:   Vertebrates are animals with a backbone or spinal column. Vertebrates include fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds, and mammals. Vertebrates are found in almost every habitat on Earth, including land, sea, and freshwater. Vertebrates range in size from tiny fish and frogs to large whales and elephants. The first vertebrates appeared in the oceans over 500 million years ago.   General facts about invertebrates: Invertebrates are animals without a backbone or spinal column. Invertebrates include insects, arachnids, mollusks, crustaceans, and many other groups. Invertebrates make up over 95% of all animal species. Invertebrates are found in almost every habitat on Earth, including land, sea, and freshwater. Invertebrates range in size from microscopic mites and worms to giant squid and jellyfish.   Facts about fish: Fish are aquatic vertebrates that breathe ...

FACTS ABOUT MIXTURE  Here are 100 important terms with definitions on the topic of mixtures: • Mixture: A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined. • Homogeneous mixture: A mixture where the components are evenly distributed and the mixture has a uniform appearance throughout. • Heterogeneous mixture: A mixture where the components are not evenly distributed and the mixture has a non-uniform appearance throughout. • Solution: A type of homogeneous mixture where one substance (the solute) is dissolved in another substance (the solvent). • Solute: A substance that is dissolved in a solvent to form a solution. • Solvent: A substance that dissolves a solute to form a solution. • Colloid: A type of homogeneous mixture where the components are in small particles that are not visible to the naked eye. • Suspension: A type of heterogeneous mixture where the components are visible and settle over time. • Concentration: The amount of solute pre...